PC 2109 
.B57 
Copy 1 



PC 2109 
.B57 
Copy 1 



- 



TIN'S THEORETICAL FRENCH SERIES. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



OF THE 



PRINCIPLES 



OF 



FRENCH GRAMMAR AND FRENCH IDIOM, 



BY MEANS OF 



EXERCISES 



By F. BERTIN, 

GRADUATE AT POITIERS AND PARIS OF THE FRENCH UNIVERSITY, 

AND MEMBER OF THE FRENCH BAR ; PROFESSOR 

OF FRENCH, GREEK, AND LATIN. 



CINCINNATI: 

1863. 



graP** 



^u^n^ZZio (O&J-J-a, 



BEBTIN'S THEORETICAL FRENCH SERIES. 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



OF THE 



PRINCIPLES 



OF 



FRENCH GRAMMAR AND FRENCH IDIOM, 





BY MEANS OF 




EXERCI8] 


CX s 






By F. BERTIN, 



GRADUATE AT POITIERS AND PARIS OP THE FRENCH UNIVERSITY, 

AND MEMBER OF THE FRENCH BAR ; PROFESSOR 

OF FRENCH, GREEK, AND LATIN. 



CINCINNATI: 

1863. 




?Cz/o<? 
.Bsy 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by 

F. BERTIN, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Southern District of Ohio. 



2 4 1] 



To consider memory as a main» faculty of the mind, while it 
acts only as an auxiliary, is a great mistake which pervades all 
the departments of Instruction. Jt is not in memory's nature to 
play the first part, and the frequent barren results of teaching and 
learning, must be attributed to the fact, that memory is improp- 
erly given the first rank. How often have we pitied those mar- 
tyrs, girls or boys, who, with gentle little taps on their forehead 
or the heart, the two supposed dwellings of the goddess, were ask- 
ing admission for the lesson in geography, history, mathematics or 
grammar, etc. — they were learning by heart. And thus is explained 
how, in countries where that system is generally diffused, self- 
made men are often superior to those favored with a regular 
course of instruction ; the former were thinking while these latter 
were learning by heart. 

Why not learn business by heart also? Because there is no 
book, which being learned by heart, pretends to teach business. 
I would there were no books, with such pretensions, on geography, 
history, grammar, etc. Then our youths would be happy, and 
society, as the result, would recruit men and women instead of... 
birds icith green feathers. Then we should not see any more such 
books as, among the latest published, the French Class Book, 
embracing grammar, conversation, literature, with a commercial 
correspondence and an adequate Dictionary, by Louis Pujol, a 
great 8vo. of 500 pages, and a book, as it is said in the preface, 
which contains all that is necessary for the acquisition of a pure 
and easy colloquial use of the French language. What induce- 
ments to learn the whole book by heart I 

Jn learning languages, there are indeed things to be remem- 
bered ; but they must be understood. Principles and words, not 
such or such sentences, constitute languages ; and both words and 
principles should be comprehended. Principles must be under- 
stood : they are expressed generally by rules, the learning of 
which blindly, is a mere drudgery. Words, also, must be under- 
stood in their meaning, otherwise the most ludicrous use will be 
made of them. But principles are far more important than words. 
They sustain the whole language, and are, so to speak, the stratum 
upon which the words themselves rest. A word may be forgotten, 
and we are always at a loss for some words even in our own lan- 
guage, but we may do without this one or that one. We can not 
do without principles. 

( Hi ) 



IV 

If principles are so important in languages, we should have 
them as simple as possible, and leave words behind, so as not to 
confuse the mind. However, school-book writers, understanding 
that principles should be learned by heart, have thought it was 
too hard to learn them alone, and then have added pages of ex- 
ercises or illustrations to learn with them. Were a boat overloaded 
and moving slowly, would you to increase its speed add to its 
freight ? No, it might sink. So the student sinks under the load, 
or, if he be of a strong head, and can bear the burden, the princi- 
ples of the language thus confusedly scattered among sentences, 
have no more place in his mind than in the book, and it is scarcely 
possible for him to comprehend them, and to place the whole be- 
fore his view. Then, as the retentive power of memory is not 
equal to that of a book, the whole thing glides from the mind, 
piece by piece; first, rules, if ever they had entered it, then frag- 
ments of sentences, then whole sentences. So that a pupil who 
once said — avez-vous du pain f and donnez-moi du vin, soon only 
remembers avez-vous du pain f which gradually vanishes into 
avez-vouz pain — avez pain — pain 

All this is done under the name of Practical System, on the 
plea of practice. Practice ! well, but practice is to be practiced, 
and not to be learned, by heart Practice is one thing and theory 
another, and confusion has never proved to be an improvement. 
Theory is the key to practice, and must be present to the mind 
all the time. Who could carry within his memory all the time 
Jewett's Olendorf, Fasquelle or Robertson ? Practice must be kept 
apart from theory, as a mere illustration of theory. 

This I understand to be the way ; a short, clear, simple 
statement of the principles, and a series of exercises to illustrate 
them. The exercises, too, should be only exercises, and not 
phrases, lest the mind of the pupil in writing them might lose 
sight of what is essential in them — namely, to illustrate theory. 
By means of that practice, theory impresses the mind, and keeps 
its place in memory, without any learning by heart ) as do the 
landscapes we have walked over. 



PAET I. 

EXERCISES ADAPTED TO "KEY TO FRENCH GRAMMAR" 



VOCABULARY OF NOUNS. 

Observations — 1. m or f after a word means that 
word to be of masculine or feminine gender. 

2. (h) signifies the h beginning the word to be aspi- 
rate. Here it must be observed that the number of 
the aspirate h is very small, and nearly all of them may 
be found in the Key to French Reading ; consequently 
the student, unless he knows the contrary, should regard 
every h as being mute. 



air — air m 

advantage — a vantage m 

allusion — allusion / 

apple — pomme/ 

apple pie — tarte aux pommes/ 

apricot — abricot m 

argument — argument m 

army — armee/ 

aunt — tante/ 

baker — boulanger m 
bakery — boulangerie / 
bath — bain m 
battle— battaille/ 
bean — haricot m (h) 
beef — boeuf m 
belt — ceinture/ 
bird — oiseau m 
bonnet — chapeau m 
book — livre m 
bookseller — libraire m 
boot — botte / 
bow — noeud m 



boy — garcon m 
branch— branche f 
bread — pain m 
brother — frere m 
bushel — boisseau m 
butter — beurre m 

cabbage — chou m 
cake — gateau m 
cap — casquette / 
captain — capitaine m 
carrot — carotte / 
case — cas m 
celery — c£leri m 
cent — sous m 
chicken — poulet m 
child — enfant m 
church — eglise / 
circumstance — circonstance / 
. clasp — agrafe / 
cloth — drap m 
coat — habit m 

(iii) 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



comb — peigne m 
confession — confession* f 
cotton — coton m 
country — campagne / 
country — pays m 
cravat — cravate / 
cross — croix / 

daughter — fille / 
day — jour m 
day — journSe/ 
diamond — diamant m 
dish — plat m 
dog — chien m 
dress — robe/ 
dress-maker — tailleuse / 

ear— oreille / 
earth — terre / 
error — erreur/ 
event — 6v£nement m 
exercise — exercice m 

family — famille / 
farewell — adieu m 
father — pere m 
fire — feu m 
flag — drapeau m 
flock — troupeau m 
flower — fleur / 
fork — fourchette / 
fortress — forteresse / 
friend (male) — ami m 
friend (female) — amie f 
fruit — fruit m 

gaiter — guetre / 
game — jeu m 
garden — jardin m 



general — g6n£ral m 
gentleman— monsieur m 
girl — fille/ 
glass — verre m 
glass jar — bocal m 
glove — gant m 
God — Dieu m 
gold — or m 
grocer — Spicier m 
grocery — epicerie / 
gun (big) — canon m 
gun (small) fusil m 

hair — cheveu m 
hair-dresser — coiffeur m 
hand — main / 
handkerchief — mouchoir m 
hat — chapeau m 
hatter — chapelier m 
hatred — haine/ 
head — t£te / 
head-dress — coiffure / 
hope — esperance / 
hight — hauteur (h) 
horse — cheval m 
hospital — hopital m 
hotel — h6tel m 
hour — heure / 
house — maison / 
husband — mari m 

idea — id£e / 
inhabitant — habitant m 
inkstand — encrier m 
insult — insulte/ 

jewel — bijou m 

kite — cerf-volant m 



* Nearly all the words ending in ion are spelled the same as in English : 
as nation, nation; revolution, revolution; opinion, opinion, etc. 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



knee — genou in 
knife — couteau m 

lady — dame / 
lamb — agneau m 
land — terre/ 
language — Ian gage m * 
language — langue f 
lane— ruelle/ 
league — lieue/ 
league — ligue f 
letter — lettre / 
lettuce — laitue/ 
life — vie / 
love — amour in 

man — homme m 
marble — marbre m 
meat — viande/ 
meat-pie — pate* m 
meeting — reunion f 
milliner — modiste / 
minute — minute / 
mother — mere/ 
moment — moment m 
money — argent m 
mustard — moutarde / 
mutton — mouton m 

napkin — serviette / 
neighbor (male) — voisin in 
neighbor (female) — voisine f 
news — nouvelle / 
noise — bruit m 
nose — nez m 

occasion — occasion / 
officer — officier m 
opinion — opinion / 
opportunity — opportunity/ 



order — ordre m 
overcoat — pardessus m 
owl — hibou m 
ox — bceuf m 

paper — papier m 

pants — pantalon m 

parlor — salon m * 

partridge — perdrix / 

pepper — poivre m 

pie — pate" in 

pie (with fruits) — tarte / 

plate — assiette / 

plum — prune / 

pound — livre/ 

principle — principe m 

purse — bourse / 

quail — caille/ 

raspberry — framboise / 
reason — raison / 
reflection — reflection / 
regiment — regiment, m 
ribbon — ruban m 
room — chambre / 
roast beef — roti de bceuf in 
roast mutton — roti de mou- 
ton in 
rule — regie/ 
rumor — bruit m 

salad — salade/ 

salt — sel m 

school — 6cole/ 

sea — mer / 

sheep (female) — brebis/ 

sheep (male) — mouton m 

shirt — chemise / 



• Language is laugage, when it does not signify tongue. 



6 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



shoe — Soulier m , 
shoemaker- — cordonnier m 
silk — soie/ 
silver — argent m 
sister — soeur / 
sock — ehaussette / 
soldier — soldat m 
son — fils m 
sorrow — chagrin m 
space — espace m 
speech-— discours m 
spoon — cuillere / 
state — etat m 
stationer — papetier m 
steeple — clocher m 
stocking — bas m 
stone-— pier re/ 
stone (of a fruit) — noyau m 
store — magazin m 
story — conte m 
story — histoire / 
strawberry — fraise / 
street — rue/ 
student — 6tudiant m 
succory — chicor£e / 
suspender — bretelle / 
sympathy — sympathie / 

table — table / 
table-cloth — nape / 
tail — queue / 
tailor — tailleur rn 
thing — chose / 
thought — pens£e / 



thread — fil m 
time — temps m 
time — -fois /* 
tree — arbre m 
truth — vSrite* / 
turnip — navet m 

uncle — oncle m 
upholsterer — tapissier m 
United States — Etats-Unis m 

valley — valine / 
vegetable — legume rn 
voice — voix / 

waistcoat — gilet m 
wall — mur m 
walnut — noix/ 
water — eau / 
weather- — temps m 
week — semaine / 
weight — poids m 
wife — fern me / 
window — fenetre / 
wine- — vin m 
woman — femme / 
wool — laine/ 
world — monde m 
wreath — couronne / 
wrong — tort m 

yard — metre m 
yard — cour m 
year — an m 
year — anneef 



ON NOUNS. 

N. B. — Nouns give their gender, number, and person to the 
other parts of speech. 



* Time is fois, wben used as in four times, fire times, ten times, etc. 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 7 

Exercises on the formation of the plural. 
I. 
Man, men ; woman, women ; child, children ; boy, 
boys ; partridge, partridges ; cross, crosses ; nose, noses ; 
hair, hairs ; farewell, farewells ; game, games ; hat, hats ; 
cake, cakes; flocks, flocks; stone (of a fruit), stones; 
cabbage, cabbages ; knee, knees ; girl, girls ; walnut, 
walnuts; error, errors; father, fathers ; mother, mothers ; 
son, sons ; daughter, daughters ; brother, brothers ; sis- 
ter, sisters ; uncle, uncles ; aunt, aunts ; family, fami- 
lies; earth, earths ; fire, fires. 

II. 

Confession, confessions ; voice, voices ; cap, caps ; 
cravat, cravats ; silk, silks ; boot, boots ; shoe, shoes ; 
suspender, suspenders ; waistcoat, waistcoats ; • shirt, 
shirts ; coat, coats ; overcoat, overcoats ; purse, purses ; 
head-dress, head-dresses; wreath, wreaths; glove, 
gloves ; handkerchief, handkerchiefs ; sock, socks ; cot- 
ton, cottons ; gaiter, gaiters ; cloth, cloths ; thread, 
threads ; wool, wools ; dress, dresses ; comb, combs ; 
jewel, jewels; clasp, clasps; bonnet, bonnets ; ribbon, 
ribbons; flower, flowers; diamond, diamonds; bow, 
bows; stocking, stockings; belt, belts; knife, knives ; 
wife, wives ; money, moneys ; valley, valleys. 



ON ARTICLES. 

K". B. — Articles must be masculine if the noun introduced by 
them is masculine; and feminine, if that noun is feminine. In 
the same way an article must be singular, if the noun introduced 
is singular, and plural if that noun is plural. 



The chicken, the chickens; the plum, the plums; the 
table, the tables ; the carrot, the carrots ; the mutton, 
the muttons ; the sheep {singular in French), the sheep ; 



3 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

the glass, the glasses ; the salad, the salads ; the apri- 
cot, the apricots ; the fork, the forks ; the turnip, the 
turnips ; the wine, the wines ; the bean, the beans ; the 
bread, the breads ; the pie, the pies ; the vegetable, the 
vegetables ; the ox, the oxen ; the stone, the stones ; the 
raspberry, the raspberries ; the inhabitant, the inhabit- 
ants ; the bird, the birds; the coat, the coats. 

II. 

Of the celery, of the celeries ; of the lettuce, of the 
lettuces ; of the fruit, of the fruits ; of the meat-pie, 
of the meat-pies ; of the apple-pie, of the apple-pies ; 
of the roast-beef, of the roast-beefs ; of the pie {with 
fruits), of the pies (the same kind) ; of the strawberry, 
of the strawberries ; of the dish, of the dishes ; of the 
plate, of the plates ; of the table, of the tables ; of the 
table-cloth, of the table-cloths ; of the paper, of the 
papers ; of the knife, of the knives ; of the mustard, 
of the mustards ; of the apricot, of the apricots ; of the 
man, of the men ; of the woman, of the women ; of the 
bird, of the birds ; of the coat, of the coats. 

III. 

To the boy, to the boys ; to the girl, to the girls ; 
to the man, to the men ; to the father, to the fathers ; 
to the mother, to the mothers ) to the stone, to the 
stones ; to the coat, to the coats ; to the flower, to the 
flowers ; to the head-dress, to the head-dresses ; to the 
glove, to the gloves ; to the bow, to the bows ; to 
the belt, to the belts ; to the clasp, to the clasps ; to 
-the jewel, to the jewels ; to the wreath, to the wreaths ; 
to the bean, to the beans ; to the lettuce, to the lettuces ; 
to the table, to the tables ; to the plate, to the plates ; 
to the water, to the waters ; to the coat, to the coats. 

IV. 

The game, the games ; the hospital, the hospitals ; 
the coat, the coats ; the dress, the dresses ; the plate, 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 9 

the plates ; of the thread, of the threads ; from the voice, 
from the voices ; from the table, from the tables ; from 
the chicken, from the chickens; from the gaiter, from 
the gaiters ; to the knife, to the knives ; to the salad, 
to the salads ; at the table, at the tables ; at the spoon, 
at the spoons ; at the coat, at the coats ; at the knee, 
at the knees ; at the hospital, at the hospitals ; of the 
hospital, of the hospitals ; to the hospital, to the hos- 
pitals. 



VOCABULARY OF ADJECTIVES. 

Observations. — 1. A letter placed after a word, be- 
tween parenthesis, is to be added to the ending, when 
same as the last; and when different it must take the 
place of the last consonant — before adding e to form the 
feminine gender. 

A letter with an accent over, placed in the same situa- 
tion, signifies that letter to be marked with an accent in 
the feminine gender, before adding e (when the femi- 
nine is very irregular, it will be written altogether, be- 
tiveen parenthesis, after the masculine). 

2. b c mean before consonant, and b v before vowel ; 
that is to say, before words beginning with consonants, 
or before words beginning with vowels. 

3. The* masculine of adjectives only is given in this 
vocabulary, and when this masculine is double, the 
feminine should be made out of the word used before a 
vowel. 

abusive — abusif (V) black — noir 

agreeable — agreable blind — aveugle 

alone — seul blue — bleu 

amiable — ainiable brown — brun 

bad — mauvais calm — calme 

beautiful- —beau b c, bel h v (J) charming — charmant 

bis; — gros (s) citizen — citoyen (».) 

bitter — amer (e) conclusive — concluant 



10 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



convenient — commode 
courageous — courageux (s) 
credible — croyable 
cruel — cruel (V) 

dead — mort 
deaf — sourd 
dear — cher (e) 
deceitful— trompeur (s) 
delightful — d£licieux (s) 
dry — sec (seche) 
dumb — muet (t) 

empty — vide 
equal — 6gal 

false — faux (ss) 
fat — gras (s) 
first — premier (e) 
french — fran cais 
fresh — frais ( fraiche) 

glad — aise 
gray — gris 
great— grand 
green — vert 

handsome — beau b c, bel b v (J) 
happy — heureux (s) 
hard — dur 
high — haut 
hot — chaud 

innocent — innocent 

jealous — jaloux (s) 

kind — bon (n) 

lame — boiteux (s) 
large — grand 
last — dernier (e) 



low — bas (s) 
long — long 

main-— principal 
monotonous — monotone 
musician — musicien (n) 
musical — musical 

next — prochain 
new — nouveau b c, nouvel 
bv (Z) 
narrow — 6troit 

old — vieux b c y vieil b v (Z) 
own — propre 

poor — pauvre 
pretty — joli 

quick — vite 

rich — riche 
red — rouge 
round — rond 

selfish — £go'iste 
short — court 
silly — sot (t) 
slow — lent 
small — petit 
smart — vif (V) 
soft — doux (c) 
square — carre 
stupid — stupide 
sweet — doux (c) 

tall — grand 

tedious — ennuyeux (s) 

tender — tendre 

tired — las (s) 

true — vrai 

twin — jumeau (jumelle) 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 11 

Ugly — vilain wicked — m£chant 

useful — utile witty — spirituel (7) 

violet — violet yellow — jaune 

young — jeune 
white — blanch (blanche) 



ON ADJECTIVES. 

EXERCISE IN PARSING. 

On this and that, these and those, his, her, which, what, 
all, some, many, each, as adjectives or pronouns accord- 
ing to French Grammar. 

This hat is pretty, but that is not. His book is good, 
but his is not. I like this tree, its branches are large, 
but I do not like that other, its are short. What beauti- 
ful flowers are in that garden ; but what is that ? Of 
which speech do you talk ? — Of which ? Of the speech 
of my cousin. The tree which is planted there is ele- 
gant. Which hat have you? Wliat have you in your 
hand ? I have his flowers. — Which ? All my flowers are 
pretty, but all are not in bloom. Some men are good, 
but some are not. Many men think very little, but many 
believe themselves great thinkers. Each tree in your 
garden is fine, but in mine each is ugly. 

I. 
OX QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES. 

X. B. — 1. Adjectives borrow their gender and number from the 
nouns, which they qualify and point out. 

2. In. French, adjectives are generally placed after nouns; 
except bean, bon, joli, grand, jenne, mauvais, mediant, which, 
as in English, are placed before nouns. 

§ 1. Exercise on the formation of the feminine. 
The blue silk ; the gray head-dress ; the red flower ; 



12 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

the violet wool ; the white clasp ; the black cap ; the 
small cravat; the large boot ; the big purse ; the round 
wreath ; the square table ; the narrow sock ; the con- 
venient belt ; the useful fork ; the delightful family ; 
the ugly spoon ; the pretty dress ; the handsome woman ; 
the amiable daughter ; the bad sister ; the cruel aunt ; 
the fat meat ; the citizen girl ; the musician lady ; the 
abusive confession 

§ 2. On the formation of the plural. 

The yellow birds ; the green cabbages ; the brown 
stones of the old sea ; the tall men of the earth ; the 
high trees ; the low carrots ; the agreeable daughters 
of the man ; the contented sons of the woman ; the poor 
boys of the family ; the rich sisters of the uncle ; the 
dear dresses of the woman ; the tender flowers ; the new 
tables of the family ; the wines of the man ; the coura- 
geous sons of the woman ; the credible stories ; the hard 
uncles of the boy ; the soft voices of the girls ; the happy 
children ; the short cravats ; the long belts ; the sweet 
young girls of the mother; the calm seas ; the deceitful 
brothers; the fresh vegetables; the silly boys; the 
dumb girls ; the deaf men ; the lame aunts ; the false 
confessions; the true stories; the last strawberries; the 
first apricots ; the next days ; the equal windows ; the 
twin sisters; the tired young girls. 

§ 3. On the degrees of comparison. 

1. ON THE COMPARATIVES. 

Bluer; redder; whiter; blacker; smaller; larger; 
bigger ; rounder ; more square ; narrower ; more con- 
venient; more useful; more delightful; uglier f pret- 
tier; handsomer; more amiable; worse; fatter; more 
musical; more abusive; yellower; greener; browner; 
taller; higher; lower; more agreeable; more content; 
poorer ; richer ; dearer ; more tender ; newer ; older ; 
more courageous ; harder ; softer ; happier ; shorter ; 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 13 

longer ; sweeter ; calmer ; fresher ; sillier ; truer ; drier ; 
younger. 

2. ON THE SUPERLATIVES. 

Newest; most courageous; hardest; oldest; young- 
est; happiest; softest; shortest; longest; sweetest; 
calmest; bluest; reddest ; whitest ; blackest ; greenest ; 
brownest; smallest; tallest; highest; lowest ; largest ; 
biggest; roundest; most square ; narrowest ; most con- 
venient ; most useful; most delightful ; ugliest; pret- 
tiest; handsomest; most amiable; worst; fattest; most 
musical; most abusive ; yellowest; most tender; driest; 
truest ; silliest ; freshest; poorest; most content ; most 
agreeable; richest; dearest. 

II 

ON DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES. 

§ 1. On the determinative adjectives. 

This boy, these boys ; this child, these children : this 
woman, these women ; this water, these waters ; this 
daughter, these daughters ; that man, those men ; that 
uncle, those uncles ; that sister, those sisters ; that tree, 
those trees; that lamb, these lambs; that confession, 
those confessions ; that store, those stores ; that glove, 
those gloves ; that jewel, those jewels ; this table, those 
tables; this spoon, those spoons ; this white napkin, 
these white napkins; this pretty flower, these pretty 
flowers ; this black dress, these black dresses ; this dear 
child, these dear children. 

§ 2. On the numeral adjectives. 

I. OX THE CARDINAL NUMERAL. 

X. B. — 1. We never place et (and) between hundred and the 
subsequent number; hundred and fifty is simply hundred fifty. 

3. After nineteen hundred, the French say two thousand, and 
not twenty hundred, and so on three thousand .... 

Four men; five women; nine children; ten boys; 
twelve girls ; thirteen partridges ; sixteen trees ; eight- 



14 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

teen boots; twenty knives; twenty-one table-cloths 
twenty-nine hospitals ; thirty stones ; thirty-one era 
vats ; thirty four pants ; forty apples ; forty-one schools 
forty-six cents ; fifty flags ; fifty-one guns (small) ; fifty 
two churches ; sixty pounds ; sixty-one yards ; sixty 
five officers ; seventy students ; seventy-one generals 
seventy-seven bonnets ; eighty hats ; eighty-nine oxen 
ninety apricots ; ninety-three sheep ; eighty-one nap- 
kins ; ninety -one flowers ; hundred belts ; hundred and 
one diamonds ; hundred and ten plates ; hundred and 
sixty men; two hundred dogs ; two hundred and fifty 
girls ; four hundred soldiers. 

Thousand tables ; fifteen hundred stockings ; twenty 
hundred coats ; twenty-five hundred combs ; hundred 
thousand bushels ; 1450 guns ; 3463 leagues ; 450,764 
walnuts; 7,869,491 schools. 

II. ON THE ORDINAL NUMERAL. 

First husband; second wife; fifth child; ninth girl ; 
twentieth regiment; fiftieth student ; hundredth league ; 
hundredth and tenth church ; twenty-first pound ; thirty- 
first officer ; forty-first yard; sixty-first general; sev- 
enty-first hospital; eighty-first cent; ninety-first man. 

§ 3. On the possessive adjectives. 

My store, my stores ; my house, my houses ; my 
grocery, my groceries ; my bakery, my bakeries ; my 
narrow street, my narrow streets ; thy grocer, thy gro- 
cers ; thy grocery, thy groceries ; thy baker, thy ba- 
kers ; his upholsterer, his upholsterers; her upholsterer, 
her upholsterers; his grocery, his groceries; her gro- 
cery, her groceries ; its branch, its branches ; its weight, 
its weights; our bookseller, our booksellers; our lane, 
our lanes ; your stationer, your stationers ; your milli- 
ner, your milliners ; their dressmaker, their dress- 
makers ; their hatter, their hatters ; your tailor, your 
tailors. 

§ 4. On the interrogative adjectives. 

Which stationer, which stationers? w T hich street, 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 15 

which streets? what lane, what lanes? what hotel, what 
hotels ? which house, which houses? which baker, which 
bakers? what tailor, what tailors? what shoemaker, 
what shoemakers ? what store, what stores ? which 
branch, which branches ? what grocery, what groceries ? 

§ 5. On the indefinite adjectives. 

X. B. — 1. Many a is exactly translated in French by maint, a 
is left out ; but many alone, should rather be plusieurs. 

2. Tout (all), is used in French with the meaning of every, and 
here all will be used with that meaning, according to French idiom. 

I. 

All event, all events ; all occasion, all occasions ; all 
moment, all moments; all hour, all hours ; all weather, 
all weathers; all circumstance, all circumstances; such 
day, such days ; such reflection, such reflections ; such 
noise, such noises ; such thought, such thoughts ; (with 
aucun), no reason; no event; no day; no hope; (with 
nul), no speech; no meeting; no opportunity; many 
an event, many events ; many an occasion, many occa- 
sions ; many a moment, many moments ; many a thought, 
many thoughts. 

II. 

Certain speech, certain speeches; certain meeting, 
certain meetings ; certain love, certain loves ; (amour 
is feminine in the plural) ; certain weather, certain 
weathers; certain hope, certain hopes; certain moment, 
certain moments; some day, some days; some occasion, 
some occasions ; some reflection, some reflections ; some 
noise, some noises ; some reason, some reasons ; some 
event, some events; any idea, any ideas ; any weather, 
any weathers ; every event, every events ; every speech, 
every speeches ; every occasion, every occasions ; every 
assembly, every assemblies ; each hour, each hours ; 
each day, each days ; each noise, each noises ; each 
thought, each thoughts; several circumstances; seve- 
ral speeches; several hours ; several events. 



16 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



VOCABULARY OP VERBS. 

Observations. — 1. Words between parenthesis after 
a verb, should be read as being placed before it, to make 
out the true meaning of that verb, in the case ; as, give 
(do), should be read do give. 

2. Personal pronouns, written by the side ofthe verb, 
are signs of the person of the verb whose meaning is 
given, as speak (he) parte, means parte to be the third 
person singular. 

3. Imp means imperfect, and perf means perfect, or 
in different words past definite, whose exact equivalents 
are not to be found in English, but may be found in 
Latin, as imp amabam, / loved, perf amavi, I loved, and 
in French, imp j'aimais, I loved, perf ]\\m&\, I loved. 

cried 



add (they) — ajoutent 
adds (he) — ajoute 
agrees (he) — s'accorde 
ani (I) — suis 
apply (do) — appliquez 
are (we) — somrnes 
are (you) — etes 
are (they) — sont 
art (thou) — es 

believe (they) — croient 
believes (he) — croit 
believe (to) — croire 
build (to) — batir 
buy (do) — achetez 
buy (let us) — achetons 
buy (he) — achete 
buy (they) — achetent 

came (he) — vin 

came (they) — imp venaient, 

perf vin rent 
comes (he) — vient 
created (he) — imp creait,£>er/ 

crea 



(they) — imp criaient, 
perf crierent 
cries (he) — crie 

danced (they) — imp dansaient 
perf danserent 

deceived (he) — trompa 

dine (you) — dinez 

dined (they) — imp dinaient, 
perf dine rent 

do (they) — font 

do (you) — faites 

does (he) — fait 

ends (he) — finit 
enter (to) — entrer 

flatter (to) — flatter 
flatter (I)— flatte 
flatter (we) — flattons 
flatter (you)— flattez 
flatter (they) — flattent 
flatters (he)— flatte 
flattefest (thou) — nattes 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



17 



give (do) — donnez 
give (they) — donnent 
gives (he) — donne 
glorified — imp glorifiaient, 

per/ glorifierent 
had (I) — avais 
had (he) — avait 
had (we) — avions 
had (you) — aviez 
had (they) — avaient 
hadst (thou) — avais 
has (he) — a 
hast (thou) — as 
have (I) — ai 
have (we) — avons 
have (you) — avez 
have (they) — out 
hear (I) — entends 
hold (you) — tenez 

is (he) — est 

keeps (he) — garde 
know (I) — cormais 
know (I) — sah* 

like (I) — aime 
like (we) — aiinons 
like (you) — aimez 
like (they) — ainient 
likes (he) — aime 
likest (thou) — aimes 
listens (he) — ecoute 
love (they) — ainient 
loves (he) — aime 
look (do) — regardez 

make (you) — faites 
may he (he) — soit 
may be (they) — soient 



may be (you) — soyez 
may do (you) — fasiez 
may say (you) — disiez 
may think (you) — pensiez 
may think (they) — pensent 
mean (you) — voulez diref 

open (they) — ouvrent 
opens (he) — ouvre 
ought (he) — doit 

played (they) — imp jouaient, 

per/ j ouer ent 
pleases (he) — plait 

reply (do) — repliquez 
run (you) — courez 
run (they) — courent 

said (he) — dit 

said (we) — imp disions, per/ 

dimes 
saw (he) — vit 
saw (I) — vis 
say (I) — dis 
say (they) — disent 
says (he) — dit 
see (I) — vois 
see (you) — voyez 
sees (he) — voit 
send (do) — envoyez 
sends (he) — envoie 
should be (he) — devrait, etre 
sleeps (he) — dort 
slept (I) — dormis 
slept (he) — dormit 
sobbed (they) — imp gemisai- 

ent. per/ gemirent 
speak (to) — parler 



* Je connais, with the meaning of being acquainted with \ je sais, with 
the meaning of being informed of. 

f Vou8 voulez dire is used affirmatively ; voidez-voua dire interrogatively. 



18 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



speak (you) — parlez 
speak (I) — parle 
speak (we) — parlons 
speak (you) — parlez 
speak (they) — parlent 
speaks (he) — parle 
speakest (thou) — paries 
spoke (you) — parliez 
spoke (I) — parlais 
spoke (he) — parlait 
spreads (he) — repand 
strike (to) — f rapper 
strike (I) — frappe 
strike (we) — frappons 
strike (you) — frappez 
strike (they) — frappent 
strikes (he) — frappe 
strikest (thou) — frappes 
submit (do) — soumettez 
submit (I) — je soumets 
submittest(thou) — tu soumets 
submit (we) — soumettons 
submit (you) — soumettez 
submit (they) — soumettent 
submits (he) — soumet 

there are — il y a 
there is — il y a 
there was — il y avait 
there were — il y avait 
think (you) — pensez 
think (they) — pensant 
thought (he) — pensa 
told (he) — dit 



walk (they) — marchent 

wants (he)— desire 

want (you) — desirez 

was (I) — imp 6tais, per/ fus 

was (he) — imp 6tait, per/ fnt 

were (they) — imp 6taient,pe7;/ 

furent 
will apply (I) — appliquerai 
will be (I)- — serai 
will be (he) — sera 
will be (you)— serez 
will be (they) — seront 
will add (I) — ajouterai 
will answer (I) — repondrai 
will attach (I) — attaeherai 
will break (I) — briserai 
will buy (I) — acheterai 
will do (I) — ferai 
will gain (you) — gagnerez 
will give (he) — donnera 
will have (I) — aurai 
will have (he) — aura 
will have (we) — aurons 
will have (you) — aurez 
will have (they) — auront 
will see (he) — verra 
will obey (he) — obeira 
will reply (I) — repliquerai 
wilt be (thou) — seras 
wilt have (thou) — auras 
would (they) — imp voulaient, 

per/ vouluront 
would build (I) — batirais 
would give (I) — donnerais 
would .have (he) — aurait 



VOCABULARY OF PARTICIPLES. 

Observation. — ad expresses that the word translat- 
ing the English participle is an adjective in French. 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



19 



afflicted — afflige 
astonished — e tonne 
attached — attache* 

been — £te 
betrayed — trahi 

disobliging — d6sobligeant 
ssatisfied — mecontent ad 
*)ne — fait 

dlowed — suivi 

ained — gagne* 
iyen — donne* 
•;one — parti 



lost — perdu 
liked — aime 
looked — regarde 



pardoned- 
prelerred- 



-pardonn6 
-preT6r6 



soid — dit 

satisfied — satisfait 

saved — sauve 

seen — vu 

slandering — m6disant 

spoken — parle 

supplicating — suppliant 

tbougbt — pens6 



VOCABULARY OF PARTICLES. 

ID VERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSITIONS, INTERJECTIONS, 

Observation. — adv means adverb; conj means con- 
junction; prep means preposition; hit means inter- 
jection. 



also adv— -aussi 
always adv — toujours 
and conj — et 
as to adv — quant a 
as — as adv aussi — que 
at prep — a 

behind pre/- — derriere 
but conj — mais 

either conj — ou bien 

for prep — pour 



for conj — car 

in prep — en 
in prep — dans* 

no adv — non 

not adv — ne — pas 

of prep — de 

often adv — souvent 

on prep — sur 

only adv — seulement 

or conj ou 



• Only used before specified nouns. 



I 

20 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

so a( j[ v — s i* vainly adv — vainement 

so adv — ainsi very adv — tres 

than adv — que well adv — bien 

that conj — que well! int—h6 bien! 

there adv — y or laf when adv — quand 

to prep — a when — lorsque% 

too adv — aussi with prep — avec 

yes adv — oui 



ON PRONOUNS. 



ERCISE IN PARSING. 



On verbs, prepositions, nominatives, objectives, vocatives 
and persons, 

N. B. — The person or thing acting or being stands in the 
nominative case, and the person or thing acted upon is in the ob- 
jective case. 

I see a bird on the top of that tree. My friend sleeps 
near you ; fye is an agreeable gentleman ; I like him in 
my house. That lady speaks too much about questions 
in which she understands nothing ; I laugh at her, and 
she does not see it. That gentleman is not polite, and 
I despise him. Will I see j^ou to-morrow in town? I 
do not care about what you say. 

These men are good, but I, t am not. You, my son, 
you are ray best friend. That man is always playing, . 
but they, they never play. I know this man, but he, 
who is he ? I am reading, that child is reading, tlrou 
art reading, he* is reading, she is reading, you are read- 
ing, all (of you) are reading ; they are reading ; these 
men are reading also; finally, we are reading, all of us. 



* That expression is used before an adjective, or an adverb only, 
f If y is used, it must be placed before the verb, if la, it must be placed 
after the verb. 

% Never used interrogatively. 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 21 

I. 

4 

ON PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Observations. — 1. Where the French idiom differs from the 
English, the French idiom will be expressed by English words 
placed between parenthesis, which words shall be translated in 
French beside or instead of the English icords in italics, if there 
are any. 

2. As the verb is modified according to the person, the English 
pronoun is joined to the verb, to mark to what person of the verb 
belongs the expression given in the vocabulary. 

3. In French, at is same as to ; from same as of. 

4. & (to) is kept in French, with to thee, to him, to Tier, to it, to 
us, to yon, when those words are placed : 

1st After reflective verbs, as se fer d moi (to intrust oneself to 
myself), to trust me ; 

2d. In such expressions, as ; cest a vous dejouer, it is your turn 
to play (this is to you to play). 

3d. After penser, to think of (to think to); aller k, to go to; 
venir k. to come to, and most all the verbs expressing motion to. 

5. Not with a verb means ne — pas. Ke is placed before the 
verb, immediately after the nominative, and par, immediately 
after the verb. Ne becomes i* 1 before a vowel or h mute. Not 
without verb, is pas only. 

1st Person Singular. 

I am glad. I have forty horses. My friend is taller 
than I. My neighbor is large ; I, I am small. I will be 
in (at) Paris to-morrow. I will have a gun (the) next 
year. Charles is not as happy as I. These men are 
slow ; I, I am smart. It is (c'est) I, Isay(s&j I). His 
mother saw me. Their dog has followed me. Your 
aunt saw me, but me alone. That man deceived me ; me, 
his friend. Her uncle will see me (the) next week. 
That dog would not have followed me, if I had not been 
so slow. My brothers have betrayed me; me, a brother. 
These boys love me ; me, but not their sisters. My uncle 
comes with me. A little child cries behind me. That 
woman speaks to me, but does not listen to me (listens 
not to me). Charles has looked at me (looked me), but 
lias not spoken to me. Your brother has given to me, 
to me, and not to your sister, a pretty inkstand. My 
2 



22 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

mother has pardoned me (pardoned to me), but me (to 
me) alone. Henry came to me and told to me that 
story. That man speaks always of me. My cousin 
has a bad opinion of me. 



2d Person Singular. 

Thou art glad. Thou hast forty horses. My friend 
is taller than thou. My neighbor is large ; thou, thou 
art small. Thou wilt be in (at) Paris to-morrow. Thou 
wilt have a gun (the) next year. Charles is not as 
happy as thou. These men are slow; thou, thou art 
smart. It is (c'est) thou, I say (say I). His mother 
saw thee. Their dog has followed thee. Your aunt 
saw thee, but thee alone. That man deceived thee ; 
thee, his friend. Her uncle will see thee (the) next 
week. That dog would not have followed thee, if thou 
had not been slow. My brothers have betrayed thee ; 
thee, a brother. These boys love thee, thee, but not 
their sisters. My uncle is with thee. A little child 
cries behind thee. That woman speaks to thee, but 
does not listen to thee (listens not thee). Charles has 
looked at thee (looked thee), but has not spoken to thee. 
Your brother has given to thee, to thee and not to your 
sister, a pretty inkstand. My mother has pardoned 
thee (pardoned to thee), but thee (to thee) alone. Henry 
came to thee, and told thee (to thee) that story. That 
man speaks always of thee. My cousin has a bad 
opinion of thee. 

3d Person Singular Masc. 

He is glad. He has forty horses. My friend is 
taller than he. My neighbor is large ; he, he is small. 
He will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. He will have a gun 
(the) next year. Charles is not as happy as he. These 
men are slow ; he, he is smart. It is (e'est) he, I say 
(say I). His mother saw him. Their dog has followed 
him. Your aunt saw him, but him alone. That man 



EXERCISES ON FRENCII GRAMMAR. 23 

deceived him, him, his friend. Her uncle will see him 
(the) next week. That dog would not have followed 
him, if he had not been slow. My brothers have be- 
trayed him, him, a brother. These boys love him, him, 
but not their sisters. My uncle comes with him. A 
little child cries behind him. That woman speaks to 
him, but does not listen to him (listens not him). 
Charles has looked at him (looked him), but has not 
spoken to him. Your brother has given to him, to him, 
and not to your sister, a pretty inkstand. My mother 
has pardoned him (pardoned to him), but him (to him) 
alone. Henry came to him, and told to him that story. 
That man speaks always of him. My cousin has a 
bad opinion of him. 

3d Person Singular Feminine. 

She is glad. She has forty horses. My friend is 
taller than she. My neighbor is large; she, she is 
small. She will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. She will 
have a dress (the) next year. Charles is not as happy 
as she. These women are slow, she is smart. It is 
(c'est) she, I say (say I). Her mother saw her. Their 
dog has followed her. Your aunt saw her, but her 
alone. That man deceived her, her, his friend. Her 
uncle will see her (the) next week. That dog would 
not have followed her, if she had not been slow. My 
» brothers have betrayed her; her, a sister. These boys 
love her; her, but not her sisters. My uncle comes 
with her. A little child cries behind her. That woman 
speaks to her, but does not listen to her (listens not 
her). Charles has looked at her (looked her), but has 
not spoken to her. Your brother has given to her, to 
her, and not to your sister, a pretty inkstand. My 
mother has pardoned her (pardoned to her), but Iter 
alone (to her alone). Henry came to her, and told to 
her that story. He speaks always of her. My cousin 
has a bad opinion of her. 



24 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

3d Person Singular Neuter. 

That fire is hot, it is not agreeable. That house is 
large, it is convenient. A game is agreeable, but a 
French exercise is more agreeable than it. (The) stone 
is hard, but (the) marble is harder than it. Is it (est-ce) 
my book? It (c) is it. 0! it, the dear book! It is 
it, the dear book ! Three days on the water ! But be- 
hold the land! it, it, it Look! a tree — I see it. 

Look! a house — I see it. Look at that hat (look that 
hat), I will buy it; it and that cap. I will break that 
stone and this marble. This house is too small, I will 
add to it a room or two. That belt is too short, I will 
add a ribbon to it. The argument is not conclusive, I 
will reply to it. That letter is good, I will answer to 
it, to it, but not to the letters of that bad boy ! My 
kite is too light, I will attach a long tail to it. ! a 
tree! I will attach my horse to it. As to that order, I 
will obey to it, but to it only, and not to the man 
who gives it. Have you (avez-vous) seen Paris ? No, 
but I have an idea of it. You see that steeple, well, I 
know the hight of it. Look at that house (look that 
house), I know the inhabitants of it. 

On the 1st Person Plural. 

We are glad. We have forty horses. Our friend is 
taller than we. My neighbor is tall; we, we are small. 
We will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. We will have a 
gun (the) next week. Charles is not as happy as we. 
These men are slow ; I, I am smart. It is (c'esf) we, I tag 
(say I). His mother saw us. Their dog has followed 
us. Your aunt saw us, but us alone. That man de- 
ceived us, us, his friends. Her uncle will see us the 
next week. That dog would not have followed us, if 
we had not been slow. Our brother has betrayeJ us, 
us, his brothers. These boys love us, us but not 
their sisters. My uncle comes with us. A little child 
cries behind us. That woman speaks to us, but doe* not 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 25 

listyi to us (listens not us). Charles has looked at us 
(looked us), but has not spoken to us. Your brother 
has given to us, to us and not to your sister, a pretty 
inkstand. My mother has pardoned us (pardoned to us), 
but us alone (to us alone). Henry came to us and told 
to us that story. He speaks always of us. My cousin 
has a bad opinion of us. 

On the 2d Person Plural. 

You are glad. You have forty horses. My friend 
is taller than you. My neighbor is tall ; you, you are 
small. You will be in (at) Paris to-morrow. You will 
have a gun (the) next week. Charles is not as happy 
as you. These men are slow; you, you are smart. It 
is you, I say (say I). His mother saw you. Their 
dog has followed you. Your aunt saw you, but you 
alone. That man deceived you, you, his friends. Her 
uncle will see you (the) next w T eek. That dog would 
not have followed you, if you had not been slow. Your 
brother has betrayed you, you (of the) brothers. 
These boys love you, you but not their sisters. My 
uncle comes with you. A little child cries behind you. 
That woman speaks to you, but does not listen to you 
(listens not you). Charles has looked at you (looked 
you), but has not spoken to you. Your brother has 
given to you, to you and not to your sisters, a pretty 
inkstand. My mother has pardoned you (pardoned to 
you), but you alone (to you alone). Henry came to 
you, and told to you that story. That man speaks 
always of you, he has a bad opinion of you. 

N'. B. — French use you by politeness, in addressing a single 
person, as English do; but in French, thou is used when polite- 
ness or respect is not aimed at, while it is not at all in English. 

3tZ Person Plural — Masculine, Feminine, Neuter. 

i. 

They are glad, these men. They are glad, these 



26 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

women. These houses are large, they are convenient. 
These trees are beautiful, they are agreeable. These 
men are tall, but my friend is taller than they. These 
women are tall, but my friend is taller than they. (Of 
the) games are agreeable, but (of the) French exercises 
are more agreeable than they. (The) stones are hard, 
but (the) marble is harder than they. These men are 
slow, but they, they are smart. These women are slow, 
but they, they are smart. Are they (sont-ce) my books ? 
They are (ee-sont) they. Are they (sont-ce) my flowers ? 
They are (ce-sonfy they. I see these men, and my mother 
sees them also. I see these women, and my mother sees 
them also. I see these trees, and my mother sees them 
also. I see these stones, and my mother sees them 
also. I see thes£ men, but them alone. I see these 
women, but them alone. I see these trees, but them 
alone, and not the steeple. I see these stones, but 
them alone, and not the trees. 

II. 

You "see these men, I have spoken to them. You see 
these women, I have spoken to them. These arguments 
are not conclusive, I wUl reply to them. These belts 
are too short, I will add (of the) ribbon to them. I 
have spoken to these men, to them, but not to these 
women. I have spoken to these women, to them, but 
not to these men. I will reply to these arguments, to 
them, but not to the insult. That man speaks always 
of them. Does he speak (speaks he parle-t-il) of the 
mon and of the women? He speaks of the women 
and of the men, of them (the men), and of them (the 
women). You see these steeples? well, I know the 
hight of them, of them, but not of the house. You Bee 
that house, I know the inhabitants of it, of it, but not 
of the fortress. 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 27 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS AS COMPOUND AND 
REFLECTIVE. 

1. Compounds. 
I am myself glad of it. He saw myself. He speaks 
to myself. He speaks of myself. Thou art thyself 
glad of it. He saw thyself. He speaks to thyself. 
He speaks of thyself. He is hims.elf glad of it. I see 
himself. I speak to himself. I speak of himself. She 
is herself glad of it. I saw herself. I speak to her- 
self. I speak of herself. The very error (the error it- 
self) is useful. The very sorrow (the sorrow itself) is 
useful. I see the error — yes, itself, in his letters. I see 
the sorrow — yes, itself, in his letters. We are ourselves 
glad of it. He saw ourselves. He speaks to ourselves. 
He speaks of ourselves. You are yourselves glad of it. 
He saw yourselves. He speaks to yourselves. He 
speaks of yourselves. They are glad themselves, these 
men. They are glad themselves, these women. The 
very walls (the walls themselves) have (of the) ears. 
The very flowers (the flowers themselves) have a lan- 
guage. I see these men themselves. I see these wo- 
men themselves. I see the walls themselves. I see 
the flowers themselves. I speak to these men them- 
selves of themselves. I speak to these Avomen them- 
selves of themselves. I speak to themselves (men). 
I speak to themselves (tvomeri). 

2. Reflective^. 

I flatter myself. I strike myself, myself with my 
own hands. I speak to myself, to myself and to the 
empty space. Thou flatter thyself. Thou strikest 
thyself, thyself with thy own hands. Thou speakest to 
thyself, to thyself and to the empty space. He flatters 
himself. He strikes himself, himself with his own 
hands. He speaks to himself, to himself and to the 
empty space. She flatters herself. She strikes herself 



3 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

herself with her own hands. She speaks to herself. 
to herself and to the empty space. The window 
opens (itself). That thing adds itself to itself. That 
rumor spreads itself. To flatter oneself. To strike 
oneself, oneself with one's hands. To speak to 
oneself, to oneself and to the empty space. We 
flatter ourselves. We strike ourselves, ourselves with 
our own hands. We speak to ourselves, to ourselves 
and to the empty space. You flatter yourselves. You 
strike yourselves, yourselves with your own hands. 
You speak to yourselves, to yourselves and to the 
empty space. These men flatter themselves. They 
strike themselves, themselves with their own hands. 
They speak to themselves, to themselves and to the 
empty space. These women flatter themselves. They 
strike themselves, themselves with their own hands. 
They speak to themselves, to themselves and to the 
empty space. The windows open themselves. These 
things add themselves to themselves. 



ON THE RANK OP THE PRONOUNS IN REGARD TO EACH 

OTHER. 

I. 

I like your brother, and your father sends him to me. 
I like that tree, and your father sends it to me. I like 
those apples, and your brother sends them to me. I 
like your friends, and your brother sends them to me. 
I like (the) strawberries, and your father sends me %ome 
(of them). Such is (the) law, I submit (myself) to it. 
Thou likest my brother, and my father sends him 
thee, Thou likest that tree, and my father sends it t-> 
thee. Thou likest those apples, and my father s^ 
them to thee. Thou likest my brothers, and my father 
sends them to thee. Thou likest (the) strawberries, an 1 
your father sends some (of them) to thee. Such is the 
law, thou submitest (thyself) to it. He likes this tree, 
and he gives it to himself. He likes your brother, and 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 29 

he keeps him for himself (to'himself ). He likes straw- 
berries, and he gives some (of them) to himself. He 
likes that book, and he buys it for himself (to himself). 
Such is the law, and he submits (himself) to it. 



II. 

She likes that tree, and she gives it to herself. She 
likes your brother, and shee keeps him for herself (to 
herself). She likes strawberries, and she gives some 
(of them) to herself. She likes that book, and she 
buys it for herself (to herself). Such is the law, and 
she submits herself to it. We like your brother, and 
your father sends him to us. We like that little girl, 
and her father sends her to us. We like that tree, and 
your father sends it to us. We like those apples, and 
your father sends them to us. We like their children, 
and their father sends them to us. Such is the law, we 
submit ourselves to it. You like my brother, and my 
father sends him to you. You like that little girl, and 
her father sends her to you. You like that tree, and 
your father sends it to you. You like those apples, and 
your father sends them to you. You like those 
children, and their father sends them to you. Such is 
the law, you submit (yourself) to it. They like straw- 
berries, and they give some (of them) to themselves, 
They like that book, and they buy it for themselves (to 
themselves). Such is the law, they submit (themselves) 
to it. He has some (of the) apples, and he will give 
them to him, or he will give some (of them) to him ; 
either, he will give them to her, or he will give some (of 
them) to her. He has a gun, he will give it to him, or 
he will give it to her. This rule is good for this case, 
I will apply it to it. Those rules are good for those 
cases, I will apply them to them. 



30 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

rn. 

With the Imperative Mood Negatively. 
I do not like (like not) your brother ; do not send 
(send not) him to me. I do not like (like not) (the) 
strawberries ; do not send (send not) any (of them) to 
me. Such is the law, but do not submit (submit not) 
(yourself) to it. He does not like (likes not) those straw- 
berries ; do not send (send not) them to him. He does 
not like (likes not) that book ; do not buy (buy not) it 
for him (to him). She does not like (likes not) (the) 
trees ; do not give (give not) them to her. We do not 
like (like not) that book ; let us not buy it for ourselves 
(to ourselves). These arguments are good, do not re- 
ply (reply not) to them. You have some (of the) 
apples ; do not give (give not) them, to them, or do not 
give (give not) some (of them) to them ; either do not 
give (give not) them to him, or do not give (give not) 
some (of them) to him ; either do not give (give not) 
them ,to her, or do not give (give not) some (of them) to 
her. You have a gun, do not give (give not) it to them ; 
either do not give (give not) it to him ; either do not give 
(give not) it to her. This rule is not good for this case, 
do not apply (apply not) it to it. Those rules are not 
good for those cases, do not apply (apply not) them to 
them. 

IV. 

EXCEPTIONAL ORDER. 
With the Imperative — Affirmatively, in commanding. 
I like your brother, do send (send) him to me. Hike 
(the) strawberries, do send (send) any (of them) to me. 
Such is the law, do submit (submit yourself) to it. He 
does like (likes) those strawberries, do send (send) them 
to him. He does like (likes) that book, do buy (buy) it 
for him (to him). She does like (likes) (the) trees, do 
give (give) them to her. We do like (like) that book ; 
let us buy it for ourselves (to ourselves). These argu- 
ments are not good, do reply (reply) to them. You 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 31 

have some (of the) apples, do give (give) them to them ; 
or do give (give) some (of them) to them , either do 
give (give) .them to him, or do give (give) some (of 
them) to him ; either do give (give) them to her, or do 
give (give) some (of them) to her. You have a gun, do 
give (give) it to him ; either do give (give) it to her. 
This rule is good for this case, do apply (apply) it to it. 
Those rules are not good for those cases, do apply (ap- 
ply) them to them. 



ON POSSESSIVE PROXOUXS. 

His book is good, but mine is better. His table is 
large, but mine is larger. His books are good, but 
mine are better. His tables are large, but mine are 
larger. His wine is good, but mine is better. Her 
dress is pretty, but mine is prettier. His wines are 
good, but mine are better. Her dresses are pretty, but 
mine are prettier. My bonnet is black, thine is white. 
My flower is brown, thine is yellow. My bonnets are 
black, thine are white. My flowers are brown, thine 
are yellow. Thy ribbon is white, his is black. Thy 
purse is brown, his is yellow. Thy ribbons are white, 
his are yellow. Thy purses are brown, his are white. 
Thy jewel is small, hers is large. Thy belt is green, 
hers is blue. Thy jewels are small, hers are larger. Thy 
belts are green, hers are blue. This church is pretty, 
but its steeple is ugly. The quay of the town is 
pretty, but its main street is ugly. The churches 
are pretty, but their steeples are ugly. The quays 
of the town are pretty, but its streets are ugly. 
Their diamond is round, ours is square: Their wreath 
is violet, ours is green. Their diamonds are square, 
ours are round. Their wreaths are violet, ours are 
green. Our hat is black, yours is gray. Our daughter 
is rich, yours is poor. Our hats are black, yours are 
gray. Our daughters are rich, yours are poor. Your 



32 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

hospital is narrow, theirs is convenient. Your aunt is 
amiable, theirs is handsome. Your hospitals are nar- 
row, theirs are convenient. Your aunts are amiable, 
theirs are handsome. 



OX DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

This book is good, but this of my father is better. 
This table is large, but this of my mother is larger. 
Those books are good, but those of my father are 
better. Those tables are large, but those of my mother 
are larger. That wine is good, but that of my uncle is 
better. That dress is pretty, but that of my aunt is 
prettier. Those wines are good, but those of my father 
are better. Those dresses are pretty, but those of my 
aunt are prettier. I like this hat, but I like this better 
than that. I like these hats, but I like these better than 
those. I like these flowers, but I like these better than 
those. Look at that (look that), I like that, but I do 
not like (like not) this. I hear always that same song, 
that is tedious. I hear always that same story, that is 
monotonous. That news pleases me (pleases to me), that 
enchants me, that intoxicates me ; that is very good. 
This is not pretty, but this is useful. 

ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



That man who is here, is my friend. That woman 
who is here, is my friend. These men who are there, 
are my friends. Those women who are there, are my 
friends. The husband of my sister, who is there, is a 
charming man. . The wife of my brother, who is there, 
is charming. The husbands of my sisters, who are 
there, are charming. The wives of my brothers, who 
are there, are charming. The man whom you see. is 
my friend. The woman whom you see is my friend. 
The men whom you see, are my friends. These 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 33 

women whom you see, are my friends. This man 
of whom you speak, is my friend. These men of whom 
you speak, are my friends. That woman of whom you 
speak, is my friend. These women of whom you speak, 
are my friends. The man tvhose cloak you have (whose 
you have the cloak) is my friend. The lady whose bon- 
net you have (whose you have the bonnet) is my friend. 
These men whose cloaks you have (whose you have the 
cloaks) are my friends. ' These ladies tvhose cloaks you 
have (whose you have the cloaks) are my friends. 

II. 

The man to whom you speak is my father. The 
woman to whom you speak is my mother. The men to 
whom you speak are my brothers. The women to whom 
you speak are my sisters. This man had a son to whom 
he spoke. This man had a daugjiter to whom he spoke. 
This man had (of the) sons to whom he spoke. This 
man had (of the) daughters to whom he spoke. 
The hat which is there is pretty. The stone which 
is there is big. The hats which are there are pretty. 
The stones which are there are big. The coat which 
you see is pretty. The silk which you see is mine. 
The coats which you see are mine. The gaiters which 
you see are mine. The Qoat whose (the) color is 
black. The cap whose (the) ribbon is blue. The coats 
whose (the) color is black. The caps whose (the) ribbons 
are blue. The purse of which you speak. The dress 
of which you speak. The pants of which you speak. 
The dresses of which you speak. The book of which 
(to which) you think is lost. The purse of which (to 
which) you think is lost. The books of which (to 
which) you think are lost. The purses of which (to 
which) you think are lost. 

III. 

The husband of my sister, whom you see, is charming. 



34 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

The wife of my brother, whom you see, is a charming 
woman. The husbands of my sisters, whom you see, 
are charming. The wives of my brothers, whom yon 
see, are charming. The ribbon of that belt, which is 
pretty, is blue. The flowers of that wreath, which is 
on the table, are red. The silk of the dress, which is 
pretty, is strong. The cotton of these stockings, which 
are white, is not good. 

The man after whom you run is gone. The woman 
after whom you run is gone. The men after whom you 
run are gone. The women after whom you run are 
gone. The dish with which you dine is good. The 
fork with which you dine is a silver fork (fork of silver). 
The dishes with which you dine are good. The forks 
with which you dine are (of the) silver forks (forks of 
the silver). All that what is there is good. All that 
of what I spoke. All that of ivhat (to what) you think 
is bad. He said, I domot knoiv (know not) what, and 
slept. He speaks very much, after which he sleeps. 
I would build a house, if I had what to build it with. I 
would give to the poor, if I had what to give them (to 
them) with. The tree round (of) which I have attached 
my horse is very beautiful. The house in which I slept 
was very elegant. My uncle of whom you speak is a 
good man. The salad which is on the table is not good. 



ON THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

I. 

« Who is that man ? — Whom do you mean (mean yoiO I 
Who is that woman? — Whom do you mean (mean you) I 
Who are these men? — Whom do you mean (mean 
you)? Who are these women? — Whom do 
mean (mean you)? Whom do you see (see you), a man 
or a woman ? Whom do you see (see you) (of the) mew 
or (of the) women? I do not like (like not) that man. — - 
Whom ? I do not like (like not) that woman. — Who 
1 J. 1 ) not like (like not) these men. — Whom ? I do 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 35 

like (like not) these women. — Whom? Of whom do 
you speak (speak you), of a man or of a woman? Of 
whom do you speak (speak you), of men or of women ? 
He speaks very well of that man. — Of whom ? He 
speaks very well of that woman. — Of whom ? He 
speaks very well of these men. — Of whom ? He speaks 
very well of these women. — Of whom? To whom did 
you speak (spoke you), to a man or to a woman ? To 
whom did you speak (spoke you), to a man or to a woman? 
I spoke to that man. I spoke to that woman. — To whom ? 
I spoke to these men. — To whom ? I spoke to those 
women. — To whom? What is that? What is this? 
What are those things ? What do you say~(s&y you) ? 
What do you do (do you) ? What do you hold (hold 
you)? What have you? Do you see (see you) that 
knife? Which? Do you see (see you) that napkin ? — 
Which ? Do you see (see you) these knives ? — Which ? 
Do you see (see you) those napkins? — Which? Have 
you seen that tree ?— Of which do you speak (speak 
you)? Have you seen that flower? — Of which do you 
speak (speak you) ? Have you seen those flowers ? — Of 
which do you speak (speak you) ? Have you seen those 
trees? — Of which do you speak (speak you)? Have 
you seen my coat? — To which do you allude (make you 
allusion) ? Have you seen my dress ? — To which do 
you allude (make you allusion)? Have you seen my 
coats? — To which do you allude (make you allusion)? 
Have you seen my dresses? — To which do you allude 
(make you allusion) ? 

II. 

I have Henry* s cap (the cap of Henry). — Whose ? I see 
the table of my brother. — Of whom? I have my 
cousins^ hats (the hats of my cousins). — Whose? I have 
the table of my sister. — Of whom ? Whose glove have 
you? Whose flower have you ? Whose gloves have 
you? Whose flowers have you? Of whom have you 
the glove? Of whom have you the flower? Of whom 



36 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

have you the gloves? Of whom have you the flowers ? 
Whose is that shirt? Whose is that thread? Whose 
are these stockings ? Whose are these belts ? Of whom 
is that shirt? Of whom is that thread? Of whom are 
these stockings? Of whom are these belts? I have 
seen two of your sisters. — Whom ? I have seen two 
of your brothers. — Whom? I have seen one of your 
sisters. — Whom? I have seen one of your brothers. — 
Whom? What! your uncle is dead? What? what do 
you say (say you)? What? speak louder. Of what 
do you speak (speak you) ? To what do you allude 
(make you allusion) ? What is his opinion ? What is 
the principle in this question ? What are his opinions ? 
What are the principles in this question ? 

ON INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS WITH est-ce-que. 

Who is there ? Who is a good mm ? Who is a good 
woman? Whom do you see (see you), a man or a 
woman? Whom do you see (see you) (of the), men or 
(of the) women ? Of whom do you speak (speak you) ? 
To whom do you speak (speak you) ? What have ycu ? 
What do you hold ? What is that thing ? What is that 
book ? 

N. B. — This form of saying is not obligatory, and even can not 
be used elegantly, when which or what is preceded by a preposi- 
tion • as to which, of ivhich, of what 

ON INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
I. 

One speaks. They speak. One has. They have. 
One says. They say. When one is good, one is 
happy. When they are good, they are happy. When 
men are good, they are happy. When people is good, 
people is happy. When you are good, you are happy. 
(In all those sentences, men, people, you, wear* used with 
the indefinite meaning of one, they.) There were many 
ladies; each one was happy. There were many gentle- 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 37 

men ; each one was happy. There were many trees ; 
each one was green. There were many dresses ; each one 
was pretty. One ought to be for others, what one wants 
others should be for oneself (that which one wants that 
the others may be for oneself). Others are our brothers 
(is our brother). Others should always be of great in- 
terest to us. Others are often ugly brothers (is often 
ugly brothers). Whom have you seen ? Nobody. 
What book have you ? No one. Have you an advan- 
tage in that? None. Have you an opinion? Not 
one. Nobody is perfectly happy. No one thought of 
that (to that). No one is entirely satisfied. There are 
many women ; no one is pretty. There are many men ; 
no one is strong. There are some dresses ; no one is 
green. There are several pianos, no one is good. All 
is lost ! all is saved ! There is no difference between a 
man and a man, all are selfish, All those who are truly 
religious are good. All is well which ends well. What 
(that which) one says, all say it. Such think this, 
and such think that. Such believes herself pretty, 
who is not so (it.) Such run, and such walk. Such be- 
lieve themselves young, when they are old. Such be- 
lieve themselves witty, when they are stupid. Many 
think like me. Many do this and that. 

II. 

Parsing and Translating Exercises on whosoever and whatever, as 
Adjectives, Pronouns or Adverbs. 

A man whosoever is not always a man, but a gentle- 
man whosoever is always a gentleman. A woman who- 
soever is not always a woman, but a lady whosoever is 
always a lady. Whosoever does that, he is a wicked 
man. Whosoever does not agree (agrees not) with me, he 
is wrong (he has wrong). Whosoever does not see (sees 
not) that, he is blind. A coat whatever is always a coat, 
but a wreath whatever is not always a wreath. A parlor 
whatever is not always a parlor, but a house whatever is 



38 EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

always a house. Whatever you do (you may do) it (that) 
is well done. Whatever you say (may say), it (that) is 
well said. Whatever pretty that may be, it is not beautiful. 
Whatever essential my presence may be, I will not be 
there. Whatever successful you may be, you will not 
gain all (the) sympathies. Whosoever is agreeable to 
you, is sure of (the) success. Whomsoever you see, you 
believe them your friends. Whatever you think (may 
think) you want (that) (the) others (may) think it. (Of 
the) ladies whosoever and (of the) gentlemen whosoever 
are always (of the) ladies and (of the) gentlemen. A 
coat whatever, and a hat whatever, that is enough for 
me. Whatever you may think, I will do it. Whatever 
amiable is (may be) that child ; he is only a child. 

ON THE NEGATIVE. 

I do not like (like not). I do not speak (speak not). 
I do not think (think not). I have not spoken. I have 
not liked. I have not thought. 

ON AGREEMENT OF WORDS. 

This garden is beautiful. This flower is beautiful. 
These gardens are beautiful. These flowers are beau- 
tiful. This garden and this wood are beautiful. This 
flower and this wreath are beautiful. This flower and 
this garden are beautiful. This house and this wood 
are beautiful. These gardens are beautiful. These 
flowers are beautiful. The preferred garden (the gar- 
den preferred). The preferred flower (the flower pre- 
ferred). The preferred gardens (the gardens preferred). 
The preferred flowers (the flowers preferred). The flow- 
ers and (the) gardens preferred. The preferred flowers 
and wreaths (the flowers and (the) wreaths preferred). 
The flowers are preferred. Those woods are preferred. 
This house is preferred. As to those gardens I have 
liked them. As to those flowers, I have liked them. 
As to this garden, I have liked it. As to this flower, I 



EXERCISES ON FRENCH GRAMMAR. 39 

have liked it. I do not like (I like not) a slanderous 
(slandering) woman and disobliging ; I like a woman 
never slandering and never disobliging. There were 
two women, a supplicant (supplicating) woman and a 
woman supplicating her judges. (The) man is good. 
(The) men are good. (The) man and (the) woman are 
good. 

N. B. — Use and Dictionaries teach the genders of Nouns. 

ON THE FRENCH IMPERFECT, AND ON THE PAST 
DEFINITE OR PERFECT. 

N. B. — It is often a matter of intention for using the one or the 
other ; the past definite relates only ; it is principally the historical 
tense or narrative. The imperfect states the facts more vividly, and 
revives it, so to speak ; it brings it more energetically to the mind. 
The former says, such thing has been once. The latter says, such 
thing was then. In conversation and in common writing, the 
perfect is seldom used, but the compound as has been, has made, 
has created, is used instead. 

I was yesterday in the (at the) country. I was in the 
country only tivice (two times) in my life. They were all 
astonished, and glorified God. When they were in the 
(at the) country, they were dancing (danced) and were 
playing (played) the tvhole day (all the day). They 
came and dined with us. They were very dissatisfied 
with you (of you). Vainly we said to them the truth, 
they were not willing (would not) to believe it. They 
were so afflicted, that they ivere crying (cried) and were 
sobbing (and sobbed). Francis was pretty when she 
was young. Napoleon and Turenne were two great 
captains. God created the world in six days. McClellan 
was not in the (at the) battle, but his army (there) was. 




/ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

mill 



003 110 663 1 



1™,? ARY 0F CONGRESS 



003 110 663 1 



